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演讲者：Claudia Aguirre
演讲题目: What would happen if you didnt sleep?
In 1965, 17-year-old high school student, Randy Gardner stayed awake for 264 hours. Thats 11 days to see how hed cope without sleep. On the second day, his eyes stopped focusing. Next, he lost the ability to identify objects by touch. By day three, Gardner was moody and uncoordinated. At the end of the experiment, he was struggling to concentrate, had trouble with short-term memory, became paranoid, and started hallucinating. Although Gardner recovered without long-term psychological or physical damage, for others, losing shuteye can result in hormonal imbalance, illness, and, in extreme cases, death.
1965年，17岁的高中生Randy Gardner264小时保持清醒。总共11天，看看他是如何保持清醒的。第二天，他的眼睛无法集中注意力，然后他失去了通过触摸识别物体的能力。第三天，Gardner变得喜怒无常，动作无法协调。
At the end of the experiment, he was struggling to concentrate, had trouble with short-term memory, became paranoid, and started hallucinating. Although Gardner recovered without long-term psychological or physical damage, for others, losing shuteye can result in hormonal imbalance, illness, and, in extreme cases, death.
实验结束时，他很难保持专注。短期记忆有问题，变得易怒和幻觉。虽然后来Gardner康复后，没有长期的生理或心理后遗症，但对他人来说，失眠会导致激素失衡、疾病，甚至在极端情况下死亡。
Were only beginning to understand why we sleep to begin with, but we do know its essential. Adults need seven to eight hours of sleep a night, and adolescents need about ten. We grow sleepy due to signals from our body telling our brain we are tired, and signals from the environment telling us its dark outside.
我们刚刚开始明白为什么我们从睡觉开始，但我们知道这是必要的。成年人每晚睡7到8个小时，而青少年睡10个小时左右。我们因为身体的暗示而困倦，告诉我们的大脑我们累了，环境中的信号告诉我们外面很黑。
The rise in sleep-inducing chemicals, like adenosine and melatonin, send us into a light doze that grows deeper, making our breathing and heart rate slow down and our muscles relax. This non-REM sleep is when DNA is repaired and our bodies replenish themselves for the day ahead.
嗜睡化学物质的上升，如腺苷和褪黑激素，使我们进入浅睡眠，睡眠越深，减缓呼吸和心跳，放松肌肉。DNA在这个非快速眼动睡眠期，我们的身体也及时补充能量，为新的一天做准备。
In the United States, its estimated that 30% of adults and 66% of adolescents are regularly sleep-deprived. This isnt just a minor inconvenience. Staying awake can cause serious bodily harm. When we lose sleep, learning, memory, mood, and reaction time are affected. Sleeplessness may also cause inflammation, halluciations, high blood pressure, and its even been linked to diabetes and obesity.
在美国，大约30%的成年人和66%的青少年经常缺乏睡眠。这不仅仅是一个小小的不便。长期保持清醒会对身体造成极大的伤害。当我们失去睡眠时，学习、记忆、情绪和反应时间都会受到影响。失眠还可能导致炎症、幻觉、高血压，甚至与糖尿病和肥胖有关。
In 2014, a devoted soccer fan died after staying awake for 48 hours to watch the World Cup. While his untimely death was due to a stroke, studies show that chronically sleeping fewer than six hours a night increases stroke risk by four and half times compared to those getting a consistent seven to eight hours of shuteye.
2014年，一名铁杆球迷因连续48小时观看世界杯而死亡。尽管他因中风而英年早逝，但研究表明，与那些每晚睡7到8小时的人相比，长期保持每天睡眠不足6小时的中风风险增加了4.5倍。
For a handful of people on the planet who carry a rare inherited genetic mutation, sleeplessness is a daily reality. This condition, known as Fatal Familial Insomnia, places the body in a nightmarish state of wakefulness, forbidding it from entering the sanctuary of sleep. Within months or years, this progressively worsening condition leads to dementia and death.
对于世界上少数通过遗传获得基因变异的人来说，失眠是很常见的。这种症状被称为致死性家庭失眠，使身体处于噩梦般的清醒状态，防止患者进入睡眠庇护所。从几个月到几年，这种疾病逐渐恶化，会导致痴呆和死亡。
How can sleep deprivation cause such immense suffering? Scientists think the answer lies with the accumulation of waste prducts in the brain.
失眠是如何导致如此严重的疼痛的？科学家们认为，答案是大脑中代谢物的积累。
During our waking hours, our cells are busy using up our days energy sources, which get broken down into various byproducts, including adenosine. As adenosine builds up, it increases the urge to sleep, also known as sleep pressure. In fact, caffeine works by blocking adenosines receptor pathways.
当我们醒来时，我们的细胞紧张地消耗一天的能量，分解成包括腺苷在内的各种副产品。当腺苷积累时，它会增加睡眠压力。事实上，咖啡因是通过阻断接受腺苷的感知器官来实现的。
Other waste products also build up in the brain, and if theyre not cleared away, they collectively overload the brain and are thought to lead to the many negative symptoms of sleep deprivation.
其它代谢物也会积聚在大脑中，如果不清理，它们会导致大脑和思想过载，并导致各种失眠症状。
So, whats happening in our brain when we sleep to prevent this? Scientists found something called the glymphatic system, a clean-up mechanism that removes this buildup and is much more active when were asleep.
当我们睡觉时，大脑是如何防止这种情况发生的？科学家们发现了一个名字glymphatic system脑淋巴系统是一种清洁系统，可以去除这些积聚物，当我们睡觉时，它更活跃。
It works by using cerebrospinal fluid to flush away toxic byproducts that accumulate between cells. Lymphatic vessels, which serve as pathways for immune cells, have recently been discovered in the brain, and they may also play a role in clearing out the brains daily waste products.
它使用脑脊液来清除细胞间的有毒物质。淋巴管，为免疫细胞提供路径的血管，最近被发现存在于大脑中，也可能在清除日常代谢物中发挥重要作用。
While scientists continue exploring the restorative mechanisms behind sleep, we can be sure that slipping into slumber is a necessity if we want to maintain our health and our sanity.
虽然科学家们仍在探索睡眠修复机制，但我们可以肯定，要保持健康和理性，打瞌睡是必要的！
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